The idea of restoring the land dates back centuries, but modern restoration ecology and its practice began in the early 1900s when people such as renowned conservationist Aldo Leopold began promoting the movement. It has since grown to include a wide variety of ecological restoration activities that range from large-scale projects (e.g., of the Everglades, Louisiana wetlands, or the Mau Forest in Kenya) to small-scale projects (e.g., tree planting). It is a defining characteristic of ecological restoration that many projects are locally initiated and implemented by community volunteers. Because restoration projects generally involve complex collaborations and negotiations among a diverse group of interested parties, social science is an integral part of restoration at all scales. Kat Anderson wrote a descriptive, historically based background book, A Tended Wilderness, about the indigenous peoples of the California coast and their intimate interactions with the environment.

Thus, continual investment in financial, human, and social capital, and culture for the restoration of damaged ecosystems has become essential to ensure ecological sustainability. Most research on ecological restoration areas in China has focused on flora and fauna, addressing problems from the perspective of the reserve managers or the government (Han 2000; Miao 2000; Wu and others 2002). This typical top-down management style has marginalized the benefits to the local populace and paid little attention to the role of local participation in protected area planning, management, and decision-making (Harkness 1998; Miao 2000). Therefore, a systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of the conservation practices has been highlighted as a key component of advancing scientific management for conservation . There is also some apprehension with the idea that we know enough to create functioning ecosystems.

Literature review

Restoring forest ecosystems means replanting and reducing the pressure on forests so that trees re-grow naturally. Reconsidering the way people grow and consume food can help reduce the pressure on forests. Degraded and disused farmland can be ideal for forest restoration, which can also mean nurturing patches of forest and woodland in landscapes that include busy farms and villages. Domestic lifestyles in cities, suburbs and rural towns can also have a direct negative or positive impact upon native ecosystems through ways we manage, among other things, our nutrient runoff, disposal of garden debris, pets and invasive exotic plants and animals . Positive engagement with natural areas to improve these practices can not only complement restoration but also create a stronger appreciation of nature within society.

However, eco sober house peoples, land managers, stewards, and laypeople have been practicing ecological restoration or ecological management for thousands of years. Shrublands, grasslands and savannahs are being overgrazed and eroded, converted to agriculture and invaded by alien species. Humans can help them rebound by clearing woody vegetation and re-seeding native grasses. Lost plants and animals can be re-introduced and protected until they are established. Pastoralists and other users must have a big part in plans to manage these ecosystems sustainably.

Can energy efficiency rating and carbon accounting foster greener building design decision? An empirical study

Farming techniques like agroforestry can be more resilient in the face of climate change. Silviculture, carbon farming or agroforestry projects should be encouraged to at least use local native species and adopt local native reference ecosystems to the extent practicable. Such projects, where adjacent to natural habitats, should be encouraged to adopt a five-star recovery goal, using the natural habitat as a reference ecosystem. Where this is not possible, as high a recovery ranking as practicable should be the goal. If lower goals are applied for good reason, the revegetation should be undertaken in a manner that enhances ecosystem services and has no deleterious effect on the adjacent natural areas and does not preempt potential for further recovery if it is possible in the future. Figure 6 Broader context Ecological restoration fits within a range of complementary activities undertaken by various sectors of society to repair damage to the broader environment, with the broader context referred to as the ‘Restorative Continuum’ . The pyramid arrangement depicted here applies only to transformed urban or production landscapes where the degree of success or failure of ecological restoration will be greatly influenced by the degree of success or failure of rehabilitation and reduction of impacts.

• Ecological succession is the process by which a community changes over time, especially following a disturbance.
• Silviculture, carbon farming or agroforestry projects should be encouraged to at least use local native species and adopt local native reference ecosystems to the extent practicable.
• An example of this is through the use of biological control agents which suppress invasive weed species while restoration practitioners concurrently seed in native plant species that take advantage of the freed resources.
• At larger scales, rehabilitation can play an ecologically highly significant role in improving the resilience of ecosystems and individual species to rapid environmental change particularly in the transitional zones between natural areas and altered/degraded areas.

Restoring ecosystems large and small protects and improves the livelihoods of people who depend on them. In fact, restoration can help us achieve all of the Sustainable Development Goals. Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. The recovery wheel and 5 stars rating systemis a simple and effective tool to evaluate and present how a restored ecosystem is performing compared to a reference community.

Life cycle assessment applied to the comparative evaluation of single family houses in the French context

The populace in Ejina County depends mainly on traditional agriculture for subsistence. Cotton and Hami melon are the main crops, and camels and sheep are the principal livestock raised. Other employment opportunities in the region include construction, transportation, collection of Chinese herbal medicines, and forest protection. He fenced it with the view to restoring the native flora and fauna to the property. The property was renamed as Warrawong Sanctuary, it was opened to the public, and in 2000 Wamsley floated Earth Sanctuaries on the Australian Stock Exchange with the view to replicating the ecological successes of Warrawong. Many fish eat insects, so humanity can restore rivers by letting more insect-friendly plants grow on their banks. Here are the eight main types of ecosystem and some of the things that can be done to revive them.